termining. DPevlopment of accessory sex Organs (phenotype), factors determiniting Development of psychologic al sex. 4 lnter telationship between brain and sex dfferentiation: Psychology and behavior (ii) Secretion of gonadotropins Interodüction Mankind is divided into two sexes, the males and the females What are the critena by which this classification is made ? There are four criteria, vizz. (i) the Chromosomal (or genetic) sex, (ii)the gonadal sex, (iii) the phenotype sex, and (iv) the Psychologica sex (i) if the chromosomal pattem is XX. then the subject, no matter what is the outward appearance, is genetically a female Conversely if chromsomal pattern is xy. the subject is male (irrespective of the ouier apptarance) Hence XX and xy are female and male genotypes respectively (ii) Testes and ovaries are the mäle and the female gonads respectrvely Therefore, when testes are present, the subjecl is, gonadally, a male Similarly, presence of the ovanes means that the subject is gonadally, a female (iii) By the acceesory sex organs (penis, epididymis, vas, seminal vesicales and the prostate in the male and Fallopian tube. Uterus, vagina and vulva in the temale) gender sex or the sex phenotype is deterrmined Thus famale phenotype will have female accessory sex organs and the male phenotype will have male accessoryt sex organs (iv) Psychological sex is the sex wnich the individual believes that he or she belongs Thus, if a qirl from her infancy, is mistaken as a boy and is reared up among the boys and she thinks that she is a boy, her psychological sex is male In vast majority of cases, there is no confusion in sex charactenstics, thai is, in a male, the genetic, gonadal. phenotype and the psychological sex are all male, so is the case with the females.Rarely however, anomalous situation anses Thus, someone may have a male genotype pattern of sex (XY) and yet the appearance from outwards (the external genitalia. the dress) may be of the femele type and the subjact believes that he is female. Two terms are commonly used - (i) sex determination and (ii) sex differentiation By the term sex detrmination. it is meant how the genetc sex pattems are made. Sex differentiation means the developement of gonads, accessory sex Organs and the Psychological aspects öf sex Thus, sex determination occurs durring the fertilization of the ovum. On the of her hand, in the early weeks of intrauterine life. the gonadal and gender sex of the fetus are not differentiated. After a few weeks of intrauterine life, a fetal gonadal and gender sex differentiation (that is, outward sex differentiating features like the development of testes, penis. prostate etc, in males or ovary, uterus, vagina. vulva etc in the female) occur. Mechanism of sex determination Human beings have 46 (23 pairs of) Chromosomes of which 44 are autosomes, and the rest two are sex chromosomes. These two sex chromosomes. in rase of the female, - are XX, whereas in case of male, ars XY. Therefore. the_ male and the female chromosomal pattern can be written as 44 + XY (=46_) and 44 + XX (=46) respctivel Owing to the reduction cell division (meiosis), a gamet (a spermatozoon or an unfertilized ovum) will contain 22 autosomes + 1 sex chromosome (i. e, total 23) In case of an ovum it has to be (obviously) always 22 + X, but In the case of a spermatozoon it may be 22 + X or 22+Y. Now, during fertilization. one such spermatozoon and one such ovum unite to form a zygote. Therefore from the ovum the_ zygote is always getting 22 +X, but from the spermatozoon it may get either 22 + X or 22 + Y. When fertilization occurs. therefore. the zygote's chrom, osomal pattren (Karyotype) can be 44 +, XX, or 44 + XY and the genotype or the genetic sex of the
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Friday, August 14, 2009
- Diagnosis can be made on micturailng cysfourethrorography Antegrade and retrograde pyelography -Antagrade pyelography demonsfrares the urinary tract
elongated in adVanced caaes, elongated and deformity öf both the minor and major calyces, produces lypical 'splder leg' appearance 8 Renal artsry stenosis On tha affected side tne abnomalitias are - (a) Decreased renalsize (diflerence öf more than 1.5 cm In length öf the two kdineys) (d) Deiay In - excreyion- of contrast A rapidseqüence urogrammay be necessary to demonstrate this since the inequality. In excretion ralas may be minimal (c) Increased corncentrration of conlrast medlum (d) demonston in slze öf the colleoting system (e) Ureteral notching (due ro development of collateral circulationr through ureteral arteies from branchae of aorta) A renal angiogram is necessary to contirm the diagnoasis 9 Ranal tumors - (a) Wilms tumor On plan x-ray, soft tissue mass is seen in region öf klodhey, wich us ually does not cross the rnidine On ivediston and dlsplaoemenl of pelvi-carycl syslsm ls seen (displac:ment bul no distortion In neuroblastoma) (b] Adenocaicinoma (Hvpe'mephrorne. Grawitz lumor) - On plaln from large sofl tiSSUE shadow with oflen calciticaion IVU - ganeralaed or focal enlargemenl of kldney (it Impalred renal functlon on affected slde, nephrotopmphy may be performed) 10 Congenital posterior urethral valveses - Diagnosis can be made on micturailng cysfourethrorography Antegrade and retrograde pyelography -Antagrade pyelography demonsfrares the urinary tract by injecrtion of contcasf inlto ranal peivis with a catheter introduced percutaneously though the loln. relrograde py elographv by cystoscopy and ureterc catheterization The technlques are used to
FILE NO.62621006
FILE NO.62621006
Monday, August 3, 2009
Keep in mind that, forex training education should not rest once you get yourself in the forex market circle. Just like any other venture, a
Forex training education has a lot of things to offer in helping you become a professional trader. You have to start off in searching for the best and the finest online courses on the net. There are multiplicities of selections provided for those who want to gain further knowledge in the areas of forex market and you will surely come up with the most efficient ones. You can also go by other forex trade software that consists of forex autopilot and forex robots. This software generate favorable outcome and constructive feedback as expediency becomes its major point. When you acquire a forex autopilot or robot, you will no longer have to do the monitoring 24/7 for the forex autopilot will be the one to do all the things that you once been doing. This software will also send forex signals on your database indicating if it is a perfect time to buy, sell or hold your currencies.
Forex training education is also comprise of demo accounts that can serve as your online resources. You can also create an account where you will be given a trial trade with no capital involve until such time that you are ready to face the inner circle and do your first trade at once. Added to this, is the significance of learning forex languages that will also play a big part in your dealings. Terminologies such as hedge, pips, currency pairs, quote currency, base currency, cross currency and the major and minor currency. The chances of coming across with these terms are viable.
Keep in mind that, forex training education should not rest once you get yourself in the forex market circle. Just like any other venture, a continuous learning process is essential to make way for greater challenges to overcome, profits to take pleasure and in due time a professional trader in your own right.
Forex training education is also comprise of demo accounts that can serve as your online resources. You can also create an account where you will be given a trial trade with no capital involve until such time that you are ready to face the inner circle and do your first trade at once. Added to this, is the significance of learning forex languages that will also play a big part in your dealings. Terminologies such as hedge, pips, currency pairs, quote currency, base currency, cross currency and the major and minor currency. The chances of coming across with these terms are viable.
Keep in mind that, forex training education should not rest once you get yourself in the forex market circle. Just like any other venture, a continuous learning process is essential to make way for greater challenges to overcome, profits to take pleasure and in due time a professional trader in your own right.
) Forex Training Education - Learn How to Become a Professional Forex Trader!
Forex training education is one of the most sought after training course formulated and specifically tailored for those who want to learn the true dealings of the trade. This becomes popular to a lot of aspiring traders, novice and even professionals. As everyone knows how the trade can move to an intensified state down to its fluctuation, it can never be gleaned that forex trading is an easy market. Reality check, it is not an uncomplicated market however, you can formulate ways on how to weather a complex market into something that will turn all the intricacies and risks as part of a challenging course and in the long run to your advantage.
When you finally come to the conclusion of undergoing forex training education, you will realize that this is something worthwhile as you begin with an investment that you will be carrying on in the duration of your trade and in your future transactions. One might come to ask, what could possibly be the best formula to gain more profit? The answer is simple, learn through forex course training education and be able to apply all the things that you have learned in your actual trade.
When you finally come to the conclusion of undergoing forex training education, you will realize that this is something worthwhile as you begin with an investment that you will be carrying on in the duration of your trade and in your future transactions. One might come to ask, what could possibly be the best formula to gain more profit? The answer is simple, learn through forex course training education and be able to apply all the things that you have learned in your actual trade.
spite what the fans of fundamental analysis say the majority of traders today rely almost entirely on a some form of technical analysis for trading cu
Once these patterns or trends are identified they must be quantified in there ability to predict price moves in a particular direction. Once done, a trader can then look at the manner in which a currency's price is currently moving and compare this to similar past patterns to predict the future direction of movement.
So, while technical analysis still requires skill, experience, and judgment the fact that it is more automated and less subjective than the research involved in fundamental analysis contributes to it's popularity. The debate over which method is better will probably never be resolved, but most traders feel that technical analysis is easier to learn and master.
There are three underlying principles one must be familiar with to fully understand technical analysis.
First, there are many factors, such as political or economic events, that will produce price movement in a particular currency pair. However, these factors, or reasons, are not what's important to technical analysis, but rather the price movement itself.
Second, technical analysis assumes that pricing moves follow a trend that can be discerned by tracking the patterns that emerge over time in the market.
Finally, the trends and patterns that emerge from historical charting and analysis of price will also be reflected in future price action movements. This is because, in the view of the technical analyst, the trading psychology of humans remains for the most part constant over time. So market participants will react in similar fashion to similar news in the future the same as they have in the past.
This "wisdom of crowds" or at least the predictability of crowds is dismissed by followers of the fundamental analysis approach. They hold to their belief that a deep understanding of the factors that affect pricing and not a reliance on patterns is the only way to produce reliable long term results.
In spite what the fans of fundamental analysis say the majority of traders today rely almost entirely on a some form of technical analysis for trading currency.
No system, whether based on fundamental and technical analysis, can accurately predict price movements every time but a good technical trader who takes the time to learn a sound methodology can do quite well.
So, while technical analysis still requires skill, experience, and judgment the fact that it is more automated and less subjective than the research involved in fundamental analysis contributes to it's popularity. The debate over which method is better will probably never be resolved, but most traders feel that technical analysis is easier to learn and master.
There are three underlying principles one must be familiar with to fully understand technical analysis.
First, there are many factors, such as political or economic events, that will produce price movement in a particular currency pair. However, these factors, or reasons, are not what's important to technical analysis, but rather the price movement itself.
Second, technical analysis assumes that pricing moves follow a trend that can be discerned by tracking the patterns that emerge over time in the market.
Finally, the trends and patterns that emerge from historical charting and analysis of price will also be reflected in future price action movements. This is because, in the view of the technical analyst, the trading psychology of humans remains for the most part constant over time. So market participants will react in similar fashion to similar news in the future the same as they have in the past.
This "wisdom of crowds" or at least the predictability of crowds is dismissed by followers of the fundamental analysis approach. They hold to their belief that a deep understanding of the factors that affect pricing and not a reliance on patterns is the only way to produce reliable long term results.
In spite what the fans of fundamental analysis say the majority of traders today rely almost entirely on a some form of technical analysis for trading currency.
No system, whether based on fundamental and technical analysis, can accurately predict price movements every time but a good technical trader who takes the time to learn a sound methodology can do quite well.
) Forex Trading - Why Forex Traders Prefer Technical Analysis
Until relatively recently fundamental analysis, or looking at past political and economic events to help them predict price movements in the underlying currencies they traded, is how most traders arrived at trading decisions.
However, fundamental analysis requires a trader to absorb lots of diverse information from many sources and considerable knowledge to interpret it accurately. Couple this with basic disagreements as to what information is important and what weight to assign it and you can begin to see why this method took enormous resources and time. Two characteristics not commonly associated with the individual investor.
The end result was that for years currency trading was the exclusive playground of large banks or other institutions with the resources to accomplish this type of analysis
Now, the rise of computing power and the proliferation of electronic information sources have lead to a fundamental shift in the way most traders analyze the Forex market.
Today most traders employ another, more automated, form of analysis known as technical analysis. This involves the combined charting of real-time and historical price movement data of currencies. Today this is mostly accomplished using computers which have the ability to do the sometimes complex math quickly in near real-time.
Technical analysis really boils down to simply taking the over one hundred years worth of recorded historical price data available from the foreign currency market and running it through a computerized charting application to look for patterns and trends.
However, fundamental analysis requires a trader to absorb lots of diverse information from many sources and considerable knowledge to interpret it accurately. Couple this with basic disagreements as to what information is important and what weight to assign it and you can begin to see why this method took enormous resources and time. Two characteristics not commonly associated with the individual investor.
The end result was that for years currency trading was the exclusive playground of large banks or other institutions with the resources to accomplish this type of analysis
Now, the rise of computing power and the proliferation of electronic information sources have lead to a fundamental shift in the way most traders analyze the Forex market.
Today most traders employ another, more automated, form of analysis known as technical analysis. This involves the combined charting of real-time and historical price movement data of currencies. Today this is mostly accomplished using computers which have the ability to do the sometimes complex math quickly in near real-time.
Technical analysis really boils down to simply taking the over one hundred years worth of recorded historical price data available from the foreign currency market and running it through a computerized charting application to look for patterns and trends.
the mechanism behind all failures. Now to sum up the best times to buy in forex trading. The best times to buy in trading industries
The mission behind buying is to provide support for the forex market exchange, as well as to analyze, examine, experiment, investigate, etc, the markets in forex currencies and exchange. Each time the traders test forex, it authenticates support.
Resistance becomes sizeable in the forex industry only when the levels of “resistance” is charted, i.e. at what time the levels of forex value, or pricing refuses to give in to jumping to a higher listing.
For this reason, at what time forex traders venture on buying low and selling high, they are making a big mistake. Traders who delay in forex trading markets will often recoil, or retract at the time some of the biggest deals transpire in the forex industry.
In short, the trends are what traders want to stay aware to, yet most traders will resist. Why, because the traders often feel uneasy at the times when other traders resisting buying and selling in forex.
Now, if you want to get ahead in forex trading and use strategies to win, I recommend you read the book on emotions, or the keys to success. No, these are not actual titles, yet visit your library to find relating material because what you are going to have to do to win in forex trading, is become friends to your discomfort.
Most people feel discomfort will experience distress, anxiety, and often it is because they fear embarrassment. The disadvantage of this way of thinking is that, most times the fears are exaggerated and the one fearing is the one who looses at the end.
Another big failure in life is that most people feel that if they are not on the normal level of thinking, they are not accepted and are set apart from the world. Read your history because you will find that the vast majority of those who succeeding in life, where different. That is they did not think on the terms of normal society. These people often win also in forex trading, since they set strategies apart from the rest.
In short, fear is the mechanism behind all failures. Now to sum up the best times to buy in forex trading. The best times to buy in trading industries, such as forex is when the market is “high” and traders are not resisting, or pulling back. In summary, when you use strategies in forex trading such as buying “high” and selling “higher,” you are off to a grand start in winning in the forex industry. As well, you have setup forex trading strategies that set you apart from the rest, which means your chances of winning are higher
Resistance becomes sizeable in the forex industry only when the levels of “resistance” is charted, i.e. at what time the levels of forex value, or pricing refuses to give in to jumping to a higher listing.
For this reason, at what time forex traders venture on buying low and selling high, they are making a big mistake. Traders who delay in forex trading markets will often recoil, or retract at the time some of the biggest deals transpire in the forex industry.
In short, the trends are what traders want to stay aware to, yet most traders will resist. Why, because the traders often feel uneasy at the times when other traders resisting buying and selling in forex.
Now, if you want to get ahead in forex trading and use strategies to win, I recommend you read the book on emotions, or the keys to success. No, these are not actual titles, yet visit your library to find relating material because what you are going to have to do to win in forex trading, is become friends to your discomfort.
Most people feel discomfort will experience distress, anxiety, and often it is because they fear embarrassment. The disadvantage of this way of thinking is that, most times the fears are exaggerated and the one fearing is the one who looses at the end.
Another big failure in life is that most people feel that if they are not on the normal level of thinking, they are not accepted and are set apart from the world. Read your history because you will find that the vast majority of those who succeeding in life, where different. That is they did not think on the terms of normal society. These people often win also in forex trading, since they set strategies apart from the rest.
In short, fear is the mechanism behind all failures. Now to sum up the best times to buy in forex trading. The best times to buy in trading industries, such as forex is when the market is “high” and traders are not resisting, or pulling back. In summary, when you use strategies in forex trading such as buying “high” and selling “higher,” you are off to a grand start in winning in the forex industry. As well, you have setup forex trading strategies that set you apart from the rest, which means your chances of winning are higher
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